Essays --

ACCOUNTING UNIT 3Explain the difference between financial and attention accounting, the fundamentals of management accounting. Explain how personify are classified using examples.Accounting is a systematic process or work that identifies, records, explanations and analyses financial legal proceeding and education of a business. It allows a company to analyse the financial performance of a business and reveals profit or loss for a certain menstruation of time and the value of assets, liabilities and owners equity. Thus, its purpose is to provide information needed for decision making. However, there are two types of accounting. In this essay I am discharge to explain the differences between financial and management accounting including what fundamentals of accounting management are as well as the classification of various costs in accounting. monetary accounting is specialised to track a companys financial transactions which are recorded, summarised and presented in a financi al report or statements such as balance sheets, income statements, statements of cash flows and statements of owners equity. These statements are annual basis and considered external as they are given to mountain or stakeholders outside of a company. The audience of financial accounting reports are stakeholders or owners, lenders, board of directors and financial institutions, which are known as the primary recipients. Financial accounting enables them to see how the company has performed in the past. Once a companys stock is publicly traded, its financial statements will be spread and the information will reach secondary recipients. They are competitors, employees, labour organisations, customers and investment analysts.The purpose of financial accounting is to provide e... ...f product. Examples of this type of costs are wood, electricity for factory, labor workers wages, and so on. The indirect cost is the cost that cannot be easily and conveniently traced to a unit of product . This includes manufacturing overhead, rent, admin staff wages and so on.According to the behaviour, costs secernate as fixed and variable. Fixed costs are the ones which remain constant or unaffected within a certain level of output or sales. Examples of fixed costs are rent, insurance, depreciation of building, managers salary etc., which remain constant even though a large number of units are produced. On the some other hand, variable costs vary in direct proportion to the output. It can increase or decrease based on the production unit. Examples of variable cost are electricity for factory, materials used to manufacture a product, wages of workers and so on.

Essay --

Learning is a treasure which accompanies its owner everywhere. I have always kept in mind this Chinese adage that emphasizes the very importance and advantage of learning. Learning, the very step of success as well as failure has tending(p) me enough experience and strength to access challenges as they come. In this technological age, everythings changes rapidly. We need to constantly streamline and upgrade our tools and resources in order to absorb our worked worth living in. A deep fascination for technology coupled with a love for learning and exploring have inspired me to pursue and excel in graduate studies. It has been a blessing to have parents who have instilled in me good values and principles and also who gave me the freedom to choose whatever fields I desire to excel in. The desire to learn how things work and my natural inclination towards Mathematics and Physics, gave me the impetus to become an engineer. That fascination towards science and technology helped me to excel in the admission examination and thus ensured myself an admission in VIF College of Engineering and Technology, which is affiliated to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. I have always habituated more importance to gaining knowledge earlier than gaining tag. Engineering is one field where practical know-how is more important than acquiring a degree for name sake. Thus my true ability stands above my marks and marks are not a reflection of my potential in Electronics and Communication. I have always cherished all my dreams and at the same eon decided definite paths to follow in order to realize them. In my undergraduate studies, I have benefited from the breadth of Jawaharlal Nehrus Universitys syllabi content that has given me a comprehe... ...nues in my chosen field and create excellent opportunities to prove my mettle. I am confident that, the facilities, guidance and inspiration your University provides combined with the excellent susceptibility and resea rch opportunities makes it the ideal place for me to embark upon my graduate studies. I can assure you that, in me you testament find a responsible, committed and talented student, who will bring laurels to her alma mater. In firmly believing that the essence of a University education lies in the synergetic relationship between the student and the department, I olfaction that graduate study at your University will be the most logical extension of my academic pursuits and a major step towards achieving my career objectives. It is with this in mind, that I look forward to a long and rewarding relationship with your University as a graduate student with financial support.

Native Son Essay: Bigger as a Reflection of Society -- Native Son Essa

Bigger as a Reflection of Society in intrinsic Son In Native Son, Wright employs Naturalistic ideology and imagery, creating the character of Bigger Thomas, who seems to be composed of a mass of disruptive emotions rather than a thinking(prenominal) mind joined by a soul. This concept introduces the possibility that racism is not the only message of the novel, that perhaps every person would feel as isolated and alone as Bigger does were he trapped in such a vicious cycle of violence and oppression. Bigger strives to find a place for himself, but the blindness he encounters in those around him and the bleak harshness of the Naturalistic hostel that Wright presents the reader with close him out as effectively as if they had shut a door in his face. In the first book, Wright tells the reader these were the rhythms of his life indifference and violence periods of abstract brooding and periods of intense hope moments of silence and moments of anger -- like water ebbing and flowing from the tug of a far-away, invisible force (p.31). Bigger is controlled by forces that he cannot tangibly understand. The society seems to bear down upon him like a weight, and only by being nonconformist to all philosophies does Bigger feel that he can throw make that weight of oppression and misunderstanding. Biggers many acts of violence are, in effect, a quest for a soul. He desires an identity that is his alone. Both the white and the black communities have robbed him of dignity, identity, and individuality. The valet de chambre side of the city is closed to him, and for the most part Bigger relates more to the faceless mass of the buildings and the mute body of the city than to another human being. He constantly sums up his feelings of frustration as wan... ...ghts Art of Tragedy. Iowa City U of Iowa Press, 1986. Kinnamon, Keneth and Michel Fabre, eds. Conversations with Richard Wright. capital of Mississippi University Press of Mississippi, 1993. Kinnamon, Keneth. The Emergence of Richard Wright A Study Literature and Society. Urbana U of Illinois P, 1973. Kinnamon, Keneth, ed. bare-ass Essays on Native Son. New York Cambridge UP, 1990. Macksey, Richard and Frank E. Moorer, eds. Richard Wright A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1984. Margolies, Edward. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale Southern Illinois UP, 1969. Miller, Eugene E. Voice of a Native Son The Poetics of Richard Wright. Jackson University Press of Mississippi, 1990. Rampersad, Arnold, ed. Richard Wright A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, 1995.

Shadows of War :: Articles Short Stories Papers

Shadows of War Something had gone wrong. Terribly wrong. How could this have happened? the leader demanded. You told me it was safe You said I wouldnt become involved Youre non involved--theres nothing that connects you to the operation, Mitchell said. As far as everyone else is concerned, Im in charge. The leader was not pleased. The operation had been planned for months, every detail accounted for, every contingency considered--save one. A simple thing like a speeding ticket had screwed everything up. The team had been halt by the Syracuse police. Something had possessed them to search that political machine and they had found everything--the guns, the armor, the grenades. Because of the vice presidents visit, federal officials had quickly been notified. The prexys Guard had been notable for its interrogation techniques ever since their creation by President McClellan. It didnt take long for a member of the team to crack and reveal the entire plot. It didnt take l ong for the security to tighten. Now, getting close to the vice president would be impossible. And if it was ever connected to the leader, his career would be over. While many in his country agreed with him, the political sympathies would care little for that. There was a larger good at stake, though. He had a duty to his people, even if his government disagreed. Mitchell was the only connection between him and the operation. It wouldnt be long until Mitchell became a wanted man and he might--just might--get linked to him. We have to remain calm, Mitchell said. We dont know that my name will come up. They have to get to Luken first and hes already at a safehouse. The man was a fool. The Presidents Guard was a group of the most determined and talented men in the nation. It wouldnt take them long to figure everything out. The only mode to stop the chain was to break it. Fine, fine, the leader said. Get out of here. Get yourself to the safehouse. Stay there and wait for my instructions. The leader walked to the window and watched as Mitchell got in his car and drove away. He watched as Mitchells car became nothing more than a small dot of light.

The Gamma Knife Improves Treatment of Brain Disorders Essay -- Explora

The da da Gamma Knife Improves Treatment of Brain DisordersAdvanced treatment for brain tumors and brain disorders, the Gamma Knife is a withall being utilized to treat thousands of functional brain disorders every year without the danger involved in invasive actions. non many people can say they were up and about the same day after treatment of a brain tumor. This is now possible with the Gamma Knife, a technology utilizing gamma rays to treat brain disorders successfully and with no incision. These requirements are essential when trying to treat the disorders in a sensitive reed organ as the brain, where millimeters may mean the difference between life or death or brain damage. Developed in 1968 by Swedish neurosurgeon Lars Leksell, the Gamma Knife was not used until many years later when advanced diagnostic methods were developed. With the advent of technology such as the MRI and CT scan, the Gamma Knifes full capabilities are finally being realized.Conditions often trea ted with the technology are arteriovenus malformations, acoustic neuromas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and brain metastases. The risk of surgical complications is non-existent since the procedure is performed without an incision. It is also almost painless patients usually opt for just local anesthesia and a mild sedative. The patients head does not even pack to be s ached for the procedure.During invasive procedures, surgeons are forced to actually penetrate the brain and work with MRI and CAT scan pictures to locate tumors and remove them. This is often an wrong procedure that may leave portions of the tumor still in the brain and require another operation. Another downside to invasive procedure is that tumo... ...Knife is also cost-effective. With no need for long hospital stays or rehabilitation, the procedure is obviously highly recommended by medical-insurance providers. The Gamma Knife is revolutionizing the treatment of brain disorders. Before, when a cancer imbue to the brain, it was considered a terminal illness. Now, a patient is able to walk in and be treated in just a half hour. There have not even been any reported deaths or complications resulting from the procedure. It is being bought for use in many hospitals around the world and may be, in the not too distant future, as common as any other surgical procedure performed today. Bibliographyhttp//www.chw.edu/mha/Gamma/gamma.htmlhttp//www.chw.edu/mha/Gamma/Q&A.htmlhttp//gammaknife.org/technical.htmlMagnetic Resonance Imaging, Encarta. Microsoft Corporation, 1997.

The Gamma Knife Improves Treatment of Brain Disorders Essay -- Explora

The Gamma Knife Improves Treatment of Brain DisordersAdvanced treatment for mind-set tumors and brain disorders, the Gamma Knife is a tool organism utilize to treat thousands of functional brain disorders every year without the danger involved in invasive occasions. Not m all people can say they were up and about the same day after treatment of a brain tumor. This is now possible with the Gamma Knife, a technology utilizing gamma rays to treat brain disorders successfully and with no incision. These requirements are essential when trying to treat the disorders in a sensitive organ as the brain, where millimeters may mean the difference among life or death or brain damage. Developed in 1968 by Swedish neurosurgeon Lars Leksell, the Gamma Knife was not used until many years later when advanced diagnostic methods were developed. With the advent of technology such as the MRI and CT scan, the Gamma Knifes full capabilities are finally being realized.Conditions often treated with the technology are arteriovenus malformations, acoustic neuromas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and brain metastases. The risk of surgical complications is non-existent since the procedure is performed without an incision. It is also almost painless patients usually opt for just local anesthesia and a mild sedative. The patients head does not even need to be shaved for the procedure.During invasive procedures, surgeons are forced to actually penetrate the brain and work with MRI and CAT scan pictures to locate tumors and remove them. This is often an inaccurate procedure that may leave portions of the tumor gloss over in the brain and require another operation. Another downside to invasive procedure is that tumo... ...Knife is also cost-effective. With no need for long hospital stays or rehabilitation, the procedure is obviously highly recommended by medical-insurance providers. The Gamma Knife is revolutionizing the treatment of brain disorders. Before, when a cancer spread to the brain, it was considered a terminal illness. Now, a patient is open to walk in and be treated in just a half hour. There have not even been any reported deaths or complications resulting from the procedure. It is being bought for use in many hospitals around the world and may be, in the not too distant future, as common as any other surgical procedure performed today. Bibliographyhttp//www.chw.edu/mha/Gamma/gamma.htmlhttp//www.chw.edu/mha/Gamma/Q&A.htmlhttp//gammaknife.org/technical.htmlMagnetic Resonance Imaging, Encarta. Microsoft Corporation, 1997.

Jesus Christ Superstar Original Show Research

Smash Hit Musicals of the Past Century Jesus deliverer Superstar Jesus Christ Superstar was a throw long before it became a musical. The musical was a rock opera concept recording produced as an album before it was staged on Broadway. It is found loosely on the Gospels story on the last week of Jesus Christs life gifting the struggles between Judas and Jesus. The story follows Judas who is non please with Jesus rise in popularity because Judas believes Jesus is just a man, not a God and that Jesus being a threat to the papistic Empire will bring trouble to Jesus, his followers and to Judas.Judas eventually ends up giving away the location of Jesus on a specific mean solar day helping the Roman soldiers find him and go forth to crucify him. The original production of the Broadway show was back in 1971. It was composed by the ever storied Andrew Lloyd Webber and the lyricist was Tim Rice. The show was directed by Tim OHorgan and choreographed by Tom Stovall. The producer was Rob ert Stigwood. The original city for the performance was New York City at the mark off Hellinger Theatre. The original set designer is Robin Wagner and the original costume designer is Randy Barcelo.The four main characters were Mary Magdalene played by Yvonne Elliman, Jesus Christ played by Jeff Fenholt, Judas played by Ben Vereen and King Herod/Merchant/Leper played by Paul Ainsley. The four most well known songs from this musical allow Superstar, Simon Zealot Poor Jerusalem, Gethsemane and Everythings Alright. The show first opened on October 12th, 1971 and closed on July 1, 1973 with a total of 711 performances in spite of appearance that time. The length of the show was approximately an hour and fifty five minutes.The screen background of the musical is Jerusalem, house of herod, garden of Gethsemane and many other places during the time Christ was melodic theme to boast lived and was preaching the message of God. There were mixed reponses from critics but the loudest were those that though the show went against religious morals and ideas. Weve had some people that feel like its in some way sacrilegious because its not a traditional robes-and-sandals reassureing, was a quote from an executive producer. South Africa went as far as banning the entire show from performing in their country when it first debuted on Broadway.Despite some negative responses, the show went on to be nominative for legion(predicate) awards such as the Tony award, the Drama Desk award and the Theatre world award. It won the awards for Most Promising Composer for the Drama Desk award and won the Theatre world award. For the Tony awards it was nominated for scoop out performance by a featured actior in a musical, best original score, best scenic design, best costume design and best lighting design. The depiction was overall received very well by the public.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the show was the way it was portrayed, the hippie lawsuit and the Jesus movemen t being put together in whiz show. Numerous sections of the musical have Judas in groovy outfits with dancing hippie show girls backing him up in choreography and vocals. The original vocalists and actors for the show are seen as the best so far for Broadway versions. The musical also had a fall upon movie produced with stunning cinematography, wonderful choreography just as seen in the musical and riveting vocal qualities for each song.The film adaption was released in 1973 and was the eighth highest grossing film of that year. It was shot in Israel and other Middle Eastern locations. Ted Neely (playing Jesus) and Carl Anderson (playing Judas) both were nominated for Golden Globe Awards for their acting in the movie. It is obvious why they were nominated when one watches the film and sees their perfect ability to play their fragile characters in a way that show their musical talent, their power and yet the slight comedy layabout each scene.They were truly able to show the rising celebrity status of Jesus in a way that somehow still manages to fit in historical information about the betrayal of Judas to Jesus. One may have been worried that the movie might be a slight bit deadening in some parts but when I watched it I was not bored at all, in fact I found myself quite trance by the choreography and the songs. Neely and Anderson kept me very focussed as well because I found their acting quite extraordinary. It is not hard to find yourself cantabile along to Superstar or Poor Jerusalem or being awestruck by the leap moves done by the mobs.A third film adaption is pass judgment to be released in 2014 set to be directed by Marc Webb. In conclusion, it is quite obvious what do this show such a hit. The elements of small comedy, dance and the storyline made this a musical that was impossible to miss. Whether you loved it or hated it, you had to go see it and tell others about it. The show was able to tell a historical event and turn it into multiple dance and song numbers and even made it fun to watch which the key thing was.It was not the type of musical that would get you on your feet dancing but singing along and being captivated by the characters and their human elements. The relationship between the characters was a big part that played into the success of this show. Not to mention the costume design, that played a huge role as well in setting the stage and idea for the show. It was not a typical show of what Jerusalem looked like but rather a more hippie, fun natured version of it which is what made the audience enjoy it so much.It was not telling biblical stories, it was just a show which made the audience feel like they did not have to have any religious ties or issues with it (even though some chose to anyways) and they could just go and watch it. Perhaps it was the idea that no matter what anyone thought of Jesus, an cardinal concept this musical showed was Jesus celebrity-like identity and what being a celebrity can do to the celebrity themselves and to their lovers and followers (betrayal, confusion, glory, death) and that just might be the true reason why nobody could seem to get this musical out of their mind.

Multiculturalism in Early Childhood Education Essay

In recent times, betimes puerility bringing up is becoming more than contrastive. Early childhood providers are overtopd to attempt some(prenominal) ch each(prenominal)enging tasks. One of the close to difficult of these is providing our children with assorted, multicultural experiences. (Ogletree & Larke, 2010) Since the beginning of times, young children have been raised by their families, extended families, clans and communities. Even today, most childcare homes and umteen earlier childhood computer programs tend to be fairly consistent and quite similar to the childs home background.Parents tend to choose childcare and early childhood programs based on whether the programs match their own views of precept and discipline. (Tarman & Tarman, 2011) Programs nowadays are expected to provide the children with experiences outside of their groups, offering opportunities to get a line them to be tolerant, regardful and accepting of differences. (Derman-Sparks, 1989) Bennet (1995) described multicultural pedagogics as an approach to teaching and learning that is based upon democratic beliefs and seeks to foster cultural pluralism within culturally diverse societies and an interdependent world. In Singapore, where we have a culturally diverse population, it is all weighty(p) to be sensitive towards each opposites cultural practices, beliefs and views. Thus, the close to include multicultural education into the early childhood education system deems as important. The logical reason being that brain research has proved that the charge time for emotional and social development in children is from birth to twelve years of age. (Abdullah, 2009) Issues in Including Multicultural direction in Early Childhood bringing up There are several issues that do not allow multicultural education to permeate the early childhood programs in Singapore.Curriculum The curriculum of a center shows the process in which learning outcomes will be achieved. Therefore, in cluding the goals and objectives of multicultural education into the centers curriculum is indispensable. It has to be infused throughout the curriculum. Good early childhood pedagogy reflects and empowers the diverse cultural backgrounds of the children and families with whom they work. (Robinson & Jones, 2006) Including childrens identity into the daily programming and planning of the early childhood curriculum is considered necessary for developing their self-consciousness as well as cultivatingtheir appreciation for diversity that exists more widely in our society. (Abdullah, 2009) In Singapore, multicultural education is not a mainstream issue. With Singaporeans being more aware of issues and final results through globalization and internet, it is truly essential that multicultural education is included in instills. Quah (as cited in Berthelsen & Karuppiah, 2011) has discussed the expanded ethnic and religious awareness draw out among Singapore in recent years. Recent case s much(prenominal) as the wearing of the Muslim head-dress in government schools drummed up a buzz around the diverse ethnic groups in Singapore and resuscitated ethnic strains.These cases show that government policies need to be re-evaluated painstakingly so as to safeguard cultural consonance and maintain respect for cultural diversity. Thus, gaining support from the Government to deal with this issue indepth is signifi dirty dogt. Language Development Usually the educational system in most countries applies the line of business language as the medium of instruction. However, multiculturalism and the distinguishment of the important role of language in studying makes it compulsory for differing qualities of dialect, abilities and correspondence styles to be recognized, esteemed and utilized within all early childhood services.The procurement for children to study the majority language whilst maintaining their first language ought to be underpinned and energized. This obviously is to propose bilingualism or in any event underpin for the home dialect as a strategy even at the unanticipated youth level. (Abdullah, 2009) Research has demonstrated that there can only when be favourable circumstances to the child other than ensuring and regarding home dialect. (Hakuta, 1986) This primary issue and challenge for the procurement of bilingual training is one of human assets. relatively few countries will have the individualnel who themselves are bilingual or multilingual. Consequently, children with languages other than the national language to look, maintain and to develop and broaden their language and belief development within early childhood services. (Vuckovic, 2008) All children have the chance to listen to, utilise and study the majority language in a stiff environment where assets, materials and individuals are utilized to scaffold their learning in a majority language. Early Childhood grooming Staff.Staff working in childcare centers and early child hood education programs has the ability to create an impact on the childrens developing attitudes towards cultural diversity more than any other person in the childs life. This is an undeniable fact. It is crucial that staff go through appropriate training or staff travelment programs, which include the essential bashledge, skills and attitudes for such an avocation. Teacher must take the steps necessary to bust themselves as instructors in multicultural education settings.With the changing face of todays classrooms, there is a growing need to address multiculturalism an diversity awareness. (Riskowski & Olbricht, 2010) Training courses for early childhood educators might as well have components in both(prenominal) content and conveyance that address diversity of cultures. (Verma, 2003) Pre-service preparation in the form of actual scenarios where teachers are set in multicultural or classrooms made up of cultures different from their own are bulge outicularly adequate in gett ing them to re-look at their existing convictions and biases.(Jacobson, 2003) This type of learning emphatically influences teachers manners towards teaching in diverse settings. Pre-service learning has the potential of enabling teacher candidates to stand up to challenging issues of social inequities and to start the deconstruction of lifelong attitudes and the development of socially unless educators. (Baldwin, Buchanan & Rudisill, 2007) Issues Affecting Child as a Learner Children need an education, which allows them to take their place in this multicultural society.A child as young as two and three years are familiar with human distinctions and this mindfulness is connected with the improvement of specific disposition. An essential socialization as well as preferences and habit pattern in the early years of life leaves a preserving impact on the individual. .(Jacobson, 2003) These findings feature the importance of bringing social values and attitudes to childrens attention du ring this critical developmental period. Using this evidence, it becomes clear that early childhood community of interests needs to address the needs of multicultural children and their unique families.These children include biological, multiracial and multi-ethnic children in blended homes, foster homes, adoptive homes and a variety of biological homes. In the early years, the childs family assumes the leading role in socialising the child to the conduct, beliefs, convictions and plans held inside their culture. (Garbarino, 1992) With the rise in the amount of working parents and children partaking in group programs from an early age, preschools have overly turned into compelling socialization force. (Berthelsen & Karuppiah, 2011).Young children who live in a multicultural community experience social differences firsthand it is part of their world. Then again, other children who live in a monocultural group frequently have challenges comprehending and tolerating an environment th at is not the same as theirs. Knowing increasingly approximately(predicate) the noteworthiness of childrens voyages between home and school and the impacts of these adventures, teachers can help these children unite the universes of home and school and all different worlds that they might experience in theirdaily lives.(Vuckovic, 2008) Pressures from mass media likewise push an impact on children to become in with a uniform set of necessitites, dialect, method of vocalization inshort, a whole way of life. They are exposed to a counter culture, which declines and demoralizes articulation from expressing their culture of origin. Regularly, this brings roughly immense pressures for the children, with parents demanding adherence to the old customs, with traditions practised in the home and frequently in activities outside the home.The consequence is that by and large, parents get take out from their children who are attempting to comprehend and adapt to their transitory sub-cultur e, yet endeavouring to make a successful modification into another society, which secretively and frequently unintentionally denies them this right. ( Lin & Bates, 2010) Misconceptions in Teachers The most common issue is misconceptions in multiculturalism. Educators are unsure of their own ability to define what their role is in teaching culture.Teachers need the acquaintance, skills and positive attitudes to know what to teach and how to teach. (Berthelsen, & Karuppiah, 2011) Teachers need to teach in a way that will meet the needs of all of their assimilators. It may not be easy and may require more attention, time and effort. An issue teachers face is that pre-service teachers are leaving their courses unassuming to educate in todays diverse classrooms. The dominant parts of them are leaving courses after just having one or two essential modules on educating in a multicultural setting.They are not ready for interacting with different cultures than the shielded ones that a larg e portion of them live in. (Lin & Bates, 2010) They are not ready for the distinctive needs controlled by todays multicultural student population. They end up being not as qualified in this area as they should be. One reason for this could be that teachers express that students oppose multicultural education. (Atwater, Freeman, Bulter & Morris, 2010) Why is this the case? Everyone holds his or her beliefs closely things. The zone of multicultural instruction is no distinctive.One of the first things that a teacher must do is to essay herself. She ought to perceive how the conclusions, convictions and viewpoints that she holds influence the curriculum that she is planning to teach. Whether purposeful or not, a teachers comtemplations, recognitions, inclinations and sentiments can likely be depicted to her students. (Nichols & Dong, 2011) A tourer approch towards multiculturalism where cultures are only taught through celebrations, food and traditional clothing is a very common sig hting in Singapore.(Berthelsen & Karrupiah, 2011) It is both disparaging and trivializing and does not pass by a genuine comprehension of different societies. (Derman-Sparks, 1989) Teacher need to comprehend their own particular convictions about cultures and differing qualities so as to execute multicultural education programs viably with young children. Teachers should take the steps important to better themselves as instructors in multicultural settings. This is no feat that can be accomplished overnight. Multicultural Education in Singapore Singapore is a multi-racial, multi-lingual and multi-religious society.Our population comprises mainly Chinese, Malays, Indians and others. Multicultural education is not a mainstream issue in Singapore. While the government has been overt to keep up peace and congruity through its political, social and financial strategies and unique days, it does not manage the issue in profundity. As Singaporeans are in brief for the most part more mind ful of issues and occasions around the world through globalization and the web, it has become progressively critical for Singapore to think about multicultural education in schools.In the meantime as empowering differences through conservation of the social personality of the racial and ethnic aggregations in the nation, the government has likewise attempted to work towards building social union around diverse assemblies, which offered ascent to the trademark unity in diversity. (Berthelsen & Karuppiah, 2011) For multicultural education to be viable, it must be taught in the early years of education and strengthened in the later stages.Since childrens attitudes to their and other social assemblies start to grammatical construction in the early years, early childhood educators can impact the improvement of uplifting demeanor towards others, as well as consolidating an educational program concentrate on tolerance wand cross-cultural understandings of others. Early childhood educators , however, cannot adopt a phaeton approach to multiculturalism which generalizes other societies and transforms the multicultural educational module into a tourist curriculum.Tourist curriculum which educates about cultures through festivals and antiquities of society, for example, food and traditional clothing, is both disparaging and trivializing and does not give a genuine comprehension of other cultures. Teachers need to understand their own beliefs about culture and diversity in order to implement multicultural education programs effectively with young children. (Berthelsen & Karuupiah, 2011) A peck was done by Berthelsen & Karuppiah(2011) to find out their understandings of multicultural education and their perceptions of its importance in early childhood education.This was conducted in Singapore among a variety of teachers workingin head-to-head and public kindergartens and childcare centers. The participants came from different ethnic groups in Singapore. Perceptions about multiculturalism and childrens learning In this case study, they found that most teachers had restricted comprehension of multiculturalism. They power saw multiculturalism as just regarding race and in the connection of Singapore. About 60% of the participants expressed that multicultural education implied having information of ones culture and additionally other cultures.They believed that this learning is sufficient and would immediately carry individuals out of diverse societies together. Another 40% showed that children learn prejudices, dispositions, convictions and qualities from the adults around them, parents and teachers. They communicated convictions that schools assume a paramount part in educating children about diverse cultures. Beliefs about teaching for multiculturalism The same group of teachers were asked their beliefs about teaching for multiculturalism.Twenty of them thought directing a multicultural program implied examining distinctive cultures regarding thei r food, clothing, celebrations, traditions and so forth. This brings it back to the tourist approach that Derman-Sparks(1989) implied when educating about multiculturalism. They did not go past a tourist point of view in forward an anti-bias approach to educating and re seek the distinctive cultures. Thirteen others said preschool centers should treat kids of diverse cultures similarly and decently. Sixteen teachers thought individuals might as well put stock in multicultural education and be supportive of it.The greater part of teachers who had constructive encounters in multicultural situations or with multicultural individuals were likewise more agreeable than others without such encounters in examining multicultural issues. A few teachers had reservations about talking over delicate issues, for example race or religion. Professional learning needs about multiculturalism Based on the survey done by Berthelsen & Karuppiah(2011), the teachers comprehended that they needed to unders tand more about multicultural education.They agreed that teachers needed knowledge, skills and positive attitudes to know what to teach and how to teach. However, the teachers did not explicitly discuss the vitality of individual reflection to comprehend their own particular prejudices, demeanor, convictions and qualities, and how these could influence their educating and learning. There were no critical or elaborated ideas on the challenges and opportunities to implement multicultural education programs. Recommendations James A. Banks, a specialist in multicultural education, has developed the five dimensions of multicultural education.He complete that in his work, numerous teachers considered multicultural education as simply content integration, meaning utilizing samples, information and data from diverse cultures. (Ogltree & larke, 2010) The five dimensions are content integration, knowledge constructions, equity pedagogy, prejudice reduction and empowering school culture and so cial structure. He desired for teachers to have the skills and knowledge and racial attitudes needed to work with people from diverse groups and to use a wide variety of strategies that cater to a wider range of students.(Banks, 2002) Content Integration Teachers should use several different approaches to integrate content about racial, ethnic and cultural groups into the curriculum. One of the most popular is the Contributions Approach. When this approach is used, teachers insert isolated facts about ethnic and cultural group heroes and heroines into the curriculum without changing the structure of their lesson plans and units. Knowledge Construction It helps students to understand how knowledge is constructed and how it reflects the experiences, values, and perspectives of its creators.In this approach, the structure, assumptions, and perspectives of the curriculum are mixed bagd so that the concepts, events, and issues taught are viewed from the perspectives and experiences of a range of racial, ethnic, and cultural groups. The center of the curriculum no longer focuses on mainstream and dominant groups, but on an event, issue, or concept that is viewed from many different perspectives and points of view. This is done while at the same time helping students to understand the nations common heritage and traditions.Teachers should help students to understand that while they live in a diverse nation, all citizens of a nation-state parcel out many cultural traditions, values, and political ideals that cement the nation. Multicultural education seeks to actualize the idea of e pluribus unum, i. e. to create a society that recognizes and respects the cultures of its diverse peoples unite within a framework of democratic values that are shared by all. (Banks, 2002) Prejudice Reduction According to Banks, this dimension is important in creating a more positive racial and ethnic attitudes. Basically, this dimension is the aspect of education where the teacher he lps to lessen the amount of prejudice within students. Equity Pedagogy Teachers change their methods to enable kids from diverse racial groups and both genders to achieve. Empowering School Culture and Social Structure James Banks talks about looking not just at individual classrooms, but at the total school culture to see how to make it more equitable and using the other four dimensions to create a safe and healthy educational environment for all.James Banks five dimensions support that a childs racial attitudes can change but education must start early and that early childhood programs are the perfect place to start multicultural education. (Vuckovic, 2008) Teachers As such, how can we make this a better transition for both teachers and the children? Sheets(as cited in Nichols & Dong, 2011) said, all teachers can begin and most evolve into culturally competent educators however, it is important to become conscious that the ardous journey from initiate to expert requires hard work , relentless commitment, and a high investment of time and energy.Two evident approaches for joining multicultural education with teacher education programs are infusion versus segregation, and culture-specific versus culture-general. (Melnick & Zeichner, 1997) Ladson-Billings (as cited in Berthelsen & Karuppiah,2011), proposed a basic structure for breaking down teacher preparation programs. She argued that, paying little mind to prospective teachers race, ethnicity or backgrounds the educational module should include a target on comprehending the way of pre-service teacher relationships and the cultural bases of the educational program, educating and society.The education of teachers should boost self-reflection on values and beliefs about cultural difference and advocate the studying approaches, which allow for teacher inclusion that is dymanic, significant and ethno-linguistically appropriate. The plans of Melnick and Zeichner (1997) and Ladson-Billings (as cited in Berthelsen & Karuppiah, 2011) could be connected to teacher education programs for early childhood education in Singapore.Such programs might investigate how preschool educators characterize and conceptualize multicultural education fuse investigations of the history of race relationships and use careful investigations and field encounters to provide teachers with chances to gain greater knowledge, skills and understandings of their own culture as well as of other cultural and language groups in their society. In particular, they should learn how to advance suitable programs for young children that consolidate encounters to permit children to comprehend cultural differences and encourage relationships between children of distinctive cultural backgrounds.Environment There is a need for corporal environment where children are well versed to reflect the cultures represented by the children working within it. For example, pictures, books, art, music, activities, cooking and recognition of certain significant days important to each culture can reflect this orientation. (Jacobson, 2003) There is a need to advocate in children, knowledge of the similarities and contrasts in cultures, underscoring the likeness while encouraging an sacred demeanor towards and delight in the differences.This could be attained through celebrating various holidays, enjoying reading material, folklore, music, art, games and introducing foods of various cultures. There is a need for a social or racial match between some educating staff and children in schools to be accomplished. This shows how the administration and teachers work together to decrease racial stereotypes and prejudices in the school and append democratic attitudes, values and behaviours. The support from management is definitely essential. (Banks, 2002) ConclusionMulticulturalism is worthwhile undertaking in early childhood education based on our spheres population. It prepares children for the challenges of the globalized world. To attain the above, early childhood settings need to plan an environment, which puts forth diversity positively through resources, and materials that do not sustain stereotypes. It is also essential that a multicultural education, from pre-school onwards permeates the whole curriculum. It is inadequate to commit a component regularly reputed to be ethnic studies to a corner of the syllabus or to a half hour period for every week.Most desirable is that interpersonal relations ought to be passed on by long-term and rational imitate and that knowledge gained ought to be by first-hand experience. Important implications need to be addressed before infusing it into the early childhood curriculum and equal collaboration between children, teachers, parents, administrators, employers and the wider community is essential. (Vuckovic, 2008) 2800 words References Abdullah, A. C. (2009) Multicultural education in early childhood Issues and challenges. ledger of International Coopeation in Educati on, 12(1) Atwater, M. , Freeman, T. , Butler, M., Morris, J. (2010). A case study of science teacher candidates understandings and actions associate to the culturally responsive teaching of other students. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education. 5. 287-318. Baldwin. S. C. , Buchanan, A. M. , & Rudisill, M. e. (2007). What teacher candidates learned about diversity, social justice, and themselves from service-learning experiences. Journal of Teacher Education, 58(4), 315-327. Bennett, C. (2003). house-to-house multicultural education Theory and practice. (5th ed. ). Boston, MA Allyn Bacon. Berthelsen, D. , & Karuppiah, N. (2011).Multiculturaleducation The understandings of preschool teachers in Singapore. Australian Journal of Early Childhood Education. 36(4). Derman-Sparks, L. (1989). Anti-bias curriculum Tools for empowering young children. Washington, D. C National Association for the Education of Young Children. Garbarino, J. (1992). Children and families in the social environment (2nd ed. ). New York Aldine de Gruyter. Hakuta, K. (1986). Mirror of language The debate on bilingualism. New York Basic Books. Jacobson, T. (2003). Confronting our discomfort Clearing the way for anti-bias in early childhood. Portsmouth, NH Heinemann. Lin, M., & Bates, A. B. (2010). Home visits How do they affect teachers beliefs about teaching and diversity? Early Childhood Education Journal, 38, 179-185. Melnick, S. , & Zeichner, K. (1997). Teacher education for cultural diversity. Enhancing the capacity of teacher education for institutions to address diversity issues. In J. King, E. Hollins, & W. Hayman (Eds. ), Meeting the challenge of diversity in teacher preparation (pp. 23-39). New York Teachers College Press. Nichols, M. E. , & Dong, E. (2011). Meeting the needs for todays multicultural classroom A review of literature. The Journal of Multiculturalism in Education, 7(1).Ogletree, Q. , & Larke, P. J. (2010). Implementing multicultural practices in early childhood Education. National Forum of Multicultural Issues Journal, 7(1). Quah, J. S. T. (2000). Government policies and nation-building & searching for Singapores national values. Singapore South East Printing. Riskowski, J. & Olbricht, G. (2010). Student views of diversity A multicultural mathematics activity. Viewing transformation during the middle school years. Multicultural Education. 2-12. Sheets, R. (2009). What is diversity pedagogy?. Multicultural Education. 11-17. Tarman, I. , & Tarman, B. (2011).Developing effective multicultural practices A case study of exploring a teachers understanding and practices. The Journal of International Social Research, 4(17). Verma, G. K. (2003). Ethnic diversity and multicultural education Cross-cutting issues and concepts. Proceedings of The International Conference on Globalization and Multicultural Perspectives in Education, Penang, Malaysia, 3-4 Dec. 2003. Vuckovic, A. (2008). Making the multicultural learning environment flouri sh The importance of the child-teacher relationship in educating young children about diversity. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(1).

Is It Ethical or Not? Essay

This study examined the ethical aspect of gentlemans gentleman copy. By considering the promises and perils which it could bring to mankind as well as by scrutinizing the arguments of both supporters and opp acents of employment of human cloning the study tried to define whether human cloning force out be regarded as unethical procedure. The argumentation considered in the study testifies that there is non unanimous consent among the scholars as to ethical justifiability of human cloning, although the most scepticism of its opponents could be easily rebutted.In sum, the study demonstrated that human cloning can and has to be regarded as ethical procedure provided that it is properly used, as it promises substantial advantages in treating infertility, in transplantology and other branches of medical science. On February 22, 1997, the newborns that scientists had cloned an adult animal(prenominal) the sheep Dolly spread round the globe (Cantrell, 1998, p. 69).Unsurprisingly, as the possibility of cloning humans emerged on the horizon, people were worrying about the morality of using the new technology. Then and now they have been anxious about the ethical b ranges that might be crossed when duplicate humans can be produced by separating the cells of a newly fertilized human egg or, in the more distant future, by creating a zygote from an existing persons genetic material.When Dollys birth was announced, countries throughout the world had already initiated efforts to prohibit human cloning. Australia, Denmark, United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain are among the countries outlawing human cloning (Walters, 2004, p. 5). Opposition came from other groups, including the World Health Organization, many religious bodies such as the Vatican, and even the American Society of Reproductive Medicine.Outlawed in one way or another by legion(predicate) nations, damned by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization as ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality, prohibit by the European Commission with its Biotechnology Patents Directive, by the Council of Europe with its Bioethics Convention, and by UNESCO with its Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, without a doubt human cloning received massive disapproval (Gillon, 2001, p. 184).But not all scholars agreed with those conclusions and many did not support such rapid passing of banning legislations on human cloning (Childress, 2003, p. 17). The pur demo of this study is to reveal whether human cloning is really unethical as the public opinion and most governments consider it. Toward this break off we go away investigate the advantages and weaknesses of human cloning, explore carefully the arguments of both advocates and opponents of it, consider possible consequences of human cloning implementation in our life, and make the conclusions.For an entire artificial satellite standing at a critical crossroads, cloning offers both promises and perils. For humans the promises extend into all sorts of possibilities, such as finding drugs that would alleviate serious diseases, cultivating ones own bone marrow as well as solid organs for transplantation, and genetically altering animals such as pigs in order to provide perfectly compatible organs for transplantation into humans. As an extension of reproductive techniques, the possibilities in human cloning promise ways both to apologise infertility and to prevent the transmission of genetic diseases (Brannigan, 2001b, p.241). There are also disturbing possibilities, particularly when we consider what is traditionally regarded as the nucleus of society the family, for which bountiful radical changes have already taken place in the past century. As we have moved into the twenty-first century, human cloning may pose the ultimate challenge to our notions of family, and its possibilities pose special hazards because the field of reproductive technology is without any real government regul ation or oversight.And extreme caution will be needed to prevent the kind of profiteering that human cloning may engender (McGee, 2000, p. 267). Indeed, human cloning profoundly challenges our deepest and most cherished beliefs about what it meaning to be human. It impressively duns mankind of the radical nature of the connection between ontology and morality. The questions raised by human cloning reveal all the more manifestly the intimate rapport among matters of identity, meaning, and morality.

Islam and the Challenge of Democracy Essay

Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl is the most prolific of the Islamic thinkers of todays world. He is a great Islamic jurist and scholar, and is now a professor of Law at the UCLA School of Law giving the students lastledge of Islamic law, Immigration, Human Rights, International and National Security Law. His Islam and the take exception to country is the quest to chance upon out numerous questions and varied answers in establishing the relation amongst the principles so enshrined in Democracy and Islamic political and religious tenants.To propound the relationship among the Islam and democracy is not a straightforward as it involves the deep and thorough understanding of the religious and political structures of the Islamic world and Democracy in its entity. Dr Khaled says that make out of democracy in the Islamic world of today is being hotly debated and thither ar both pro and anti versions to this issue that compete with for each one other and the biggest ch altogetherenge be fore the advocators is to promote the vision of social justice and faith.The in truth first section only of his most profile book Islam and the Challenge of Democracy straight forwardly says that he does not be lie inve as what other Muslim advocators say that Islam has given birth to Democracy but assorted elements of Democracy are very well present in the Islam and we can say that Islam too supports Democracy. In this endeavor, he defied the view of radical Islamists as well as hardened Islamophobes who say that as graven image is sovereign master of whole Universe, therefore the principles of Democracy do not hold true for the Islamic world.El Fadl poises that there is no doubt of the fact that the God is the sovereign power in the Universe yet this is God who has bestowed upon the humans, the power to envisage the right to take a shit rules to govern themselves in the manikin of deputies or khulafa. In-fact Islam also believes in a form of government, that gives power to the people, transparency in the decision making through shura and there is a toleration for any disagreements and disputes arising out of any rule and rules are accountable to his subjects for any actions.El Fadl believes in the formulation of the basic ethical values, and rights for all human beings on this Earth. He focuses that Islam should formulate the laws through ijtihad on which shariah doesnt have anything to say. He emphasized on the importance of formulating the maslaha or the public well-behaved and ahkam al-shariah or expediency laws to envisage new thought process to develop the understanding of giving equal rights to any one. He admits that any supplyation of Islamic tenets, which has been construed by Islamic religious heads or Islamic religious leaders cannot be held as mere will of the divine power or God.He vehemently opposes the formation of the Islamic bring up that has all the rights to form the Shariah, because he is fully aware of the fact that no human bein g can interpret the will of the God or divine power. If this is done, it will lead to misunderstanding or very limited understanding of the link or relation between the Islam and will of God and this in turn would mean trying to become equal to God and thats the biggest sin. This will further lead to authoritative and tyrannical state.He said that although Muslim jurists defined and formulated number of political systems, yet there is nothing specific mentioned in Quran about any form that Government wishes to take. But Quran does recognize social and political values which form the basis in an arena of Muslim politics. Three values that are so enshrined in the Islamic testament Are pursuing justice through social cooperation and mutual assistance (Quran 4913 11119) establishing a non-autocratic, consultive method of governance and institutionalizing mercy and compassion in social interactions (612, 54 21107 2777 2951 45.20). (El Fadl, Democracy and Divine Sovereignty, 2) boilers suit Muslims should form the government that would help in endorsing these values. As he said, Quran says that God has bestowed all human beings a divine power by making them viceroys of God on this earth He says, Remember, when your Lord said to the angels I have to place a vicegerent on earth, they said Will you place one there who will create disorder and shed blood, while we intone Your litanies and sanctify Your name? And God said I know what you do not know (230). (El Fadl, The Case for Democracy, 3) Institutionally it can be pointed out that the ulama, or Jurists can act as interpreters of the words of God and define what is moral and what acts are basal for the humans. Every word of them is the voice of the God. But the law of the state demands that no religion can be imposed on the working of the state because laws of the state have been formulated by the humans according to their own whims and state itself.And therefore in his own words, Democracy is an appropriate system for Islam because it both expresses the spare worth of human beingsthe status of vicegerencyand at the same time deprives the state of any pretense of divinity by locating ultimate authority in the hands of the people rather than the ulama. (El Fadl, Shariah and the Democratic State, 20) Finally he says that educators try to enthuse in the soul of the people the moral values of Quran and stick the society to turn towards will of God.But in this world of today, if a person is morally strong but cannot imbibe by full highness of God but still believes in the fundamental rights of individuals, still have to be answerable to the will of God. Its not just the mirage of the El Fadls views but also the vision of the several scholars on the most crucial and complex subject, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy. The second section of the book consists of short responses to El Fadls essay by several scholars. Nader A.Hashemi says that the most prominent aspect to El Fadl is his belief that Democracy can be possible in Islamic countries, with this he proved false, the wildly held belief that Islam is not compatible to democracy. He further said that this idea has gained immense popularity after September 11. He states that biggest challenge in front of the Islamic nations is the choice that they have to make between the modernization and fanaticism and the future of the Middle East all depends on which of them will go for a longer period.John Esposito espoused that El Fadl indicates complex and multiple manner by which Quran can be interpreted by the religious fundamentalists, fanatics and politicians to fulfill their various social and political motives. Jeremy Waldron appreciates El Fadls study of the theory of the Islamic democracy. Jeremy says that El Fadl conceptualized in the most articulate way the issue of the Islamic tradition and the way in which he poises about the politics and the rule of law in the milieu of the medieval age and how these thoughts were s o prevalent in the other(a) modern thought in the Christian era.Also, how the moral and ethical values in the context of good governance had to struggle to make its place in front of scriptural authority and theocratic rule. The most enduring thing was that these ideas not only grew out of the abased environment but also actually unploughed on presenting itself by religious ideas and ecclesiastical practices. Muqtedar Khan talks about the Pact of Medina, which was signed between the Prophet and Jews and the pagans of the town.This pact he said could be utilized to give the Islamic world the model for democracy and pluralism. In this pact, all the parties were guaranteed equal rights and equal responsibilities. Echoing El Fadl, he pinpointed that Islam should be do a symbol of ethical values and moral principles and should solve all the problems from the new outlook and new democratic perspective. But Saba Mahmood criticized Fadl on the point of liberalization. She says that very concept of liberalization is full of contradictions and the limitations that follow.She further says that he focused more on rights of individuals than on community as a whole. El Fadl also ignore the human rights violations that follow liberalization, which are most popular in the most liberalized states like United States of America. Even Kevin Reinhart revokes same voice as Saba Mahmood by precept that El Fadl ignored the vital point of what the Western nations learned from their liberalized approach in their relations with the other countries including Islamic nations.The whole liberalized approach depends on polices of Westernized nations and the force interventions of the USA in Islamic countries jeopardized whole concept of democracy and liberalization. William Quandt too said that the absence of democracy in the Islamic countries do not lie in their religion perspective but the problem lies in the presence of monarchical or dictatorial regimes in these countries, which pa rtially or all are backed by the Western powers. In William Quandt views lie the whole thrust of the problem in the Islamic countries.The requirement is the political and structural changes in the Islamic world that would bring about social and economic upliftment from the vision of democracy, which El Fadl, all the intellectuals and scholars agree wont be welcomed by either the control regime or the Western allies. All in all, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy is the most thought provoking book ready to be explored and pondered in every religious and political arena of the Islamic world.WORKS CITEDEl Fadl, Abou Khaled. Islam and the Challenge of Democracy Can individual rights and popular sovereignty take root in faith? Princeton Princeton University Press, 2004.

Adults with Anxiety and Depression

Anxiety and depression ar two of the most common mental disorders in the adult stage. Any ane ass develop trouble and depression hardly its non something to worry about since both can be cured with medication or therapy. It may be caused by different factors and adults more often experience this mental condition.Anxiety and depression are two conditions that should be addressed immediately because it affects peoples social life and new(prenominal) life processes. There have similarly been documented cases that adult who suffered from these commits suicide. This paper discusses the meaning of concern and depression among adults and at the same time describe how to urinate medical treatment before something worse happens.Defining AnxietyAnxiety, in the simplest sense is defined as a represent of response or reaction (Callanan, 1992, p.50). It is one narrate of emotion wherein individuals tends to feel lesser or more anxious toward a particular event in their life (Callanan, 1992, p.50). Anxiety can be seen as an extreme state of shyness indicated by blushing.Shame occurs when one sees himself as being responsible for negative outcomes or for overleaping in public. Anxiety is likewise characterized by a discomfort when performing in front of an audience (stage fright) which can lead to an inhibition of speech.This is one good way to test fretting because the individual is afraid of being under the scrutiny of others. Both kinds of apprehension in face of tests and interactions share this aspect of evaluation anxiety. The state of anxiety refers to the stabbing feeling in the process of emotional experiencing.The trait of anxiety refers to a proneness to respond with state anxiety in threatening situations. It can besides be defined as excessive worrying which involves fearful reaction (Callanan, 1992, p.50).Although the aforementioned statements cited negativity about the definition of anxiety, Margie Callanan on her book entitled Anxiety. In Adult Psychological Problem (1992) stated that anxiety is similarly vital for adults life survival (Callanan , 1992, p.50).It also seems to be a feature of being palmy since classic laboratory studies shows that people with moderate levels of anxiety leads them to optimizing task performance and that too much little of anxiety leads to worse performance (Callanan , 1992, p.50).Defining picture falloff is not tho feeling lonely or down. Feeling lonely at times is normal for any person but when this mood persists for weeks or even months, this is no longer a simple case of loneliness. The person experiencing this is under a depressed state (Yip and Lee, 2003, pp.5-11). Depression is a common illness but is also severe.Many people fail to get treatment for this kind of disorder but with proper consultation and treatment, even the worst cases of depression can be cured. Depression in its own meaning is not life threatening but it could have drastic effects on the tolerant ofs life as w ell as the lives of the people around him (Yip and Lee, 2003, p. 157).There are different types of depression but the most common are major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder (Yip and Lee, 2003, p. 7). Other forms of depression are psychotic depression, postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and bipolar disorder (Yip and Lee, 2003, p. 19).Describing Adults who experiences Anxiety and DepressionCauses/OriginsNo matter what aspects caused the anxious or depressive state among adults, it is no mere state if mind and it may be traced to some physical changes as a person ages because the head word as undergoes an imbalance of neurotransmitters, which is known as the chemical that carries from in the brain and in the nerves (Goroll, et.al., 2003, p. 807).Trauma and stress from financial problems, failed relationships, the death of someone dear, and other extreme life changes are factors that could result in either anxiety or depression. Pessimistic people are a lso more prone to these (Goroll, et.al., 2003, pp.50-58).Other medical conditions such as heart ailments, obesity, HIV and cancer may also lead to anxiety and depression (Goroll, et.al., 2003, pp.49-54). It may also worsen some medical conditions since it weakens the immune system. Some medications may also constitute depression. Moreover, other mental disorders like schizophrenia for example have been noted to accompany anxiety and depression (Goroll, et.al., 2003, p.79).DiagnosisMagnetic Resonance Technology (MRI) indicates that the brains of depressed people look different from the brain of normal people (Goroll, et.al., 2003, p.300). The area of the brain that is responsible for mood and behavior do not function normally for adult people with anxiety and depression.Talking to the patient is the best step in the diagnosis of anxiety and depression. The doctor should try to find out if symptoms have began to manifest to figure out if there is anxiety and depression and what stage has been reached.The symptoms could last for the adults remaining years and may inevitably affect his/her personality and work habits, in which case, other people could lose empathy for the patient. Depression also causes other various changes in behavior (Goroll, et.al., 2003).TreatmentTreatment is never a problem for anxiety and depression patients since even the most extreme cases can be cured. One other disease has been ruled out, and the doctor is certain that the patient is suffering from anxiety and depression (Goroll, et.al., 2003, p. 109).Adult patients who experiences anxious and depressing conditions are usually stipulation prescriptions for countering the said feelings. There are anti-depressants made in order to normalize the secretion of brain chemicals such as neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine (Goroll, et.al., 2003, p.49).These chemicals aid in regulating the mood of a person and as previously stated, neurotransmitters are secreted in abnormal levels u nder depression. Thus, normalizing the secretion of this chemical will help the patient recover from depression. These anti-depressants may however have side effects such as headache, nausea, insomnia and nervousness, agitation and sexual problems.Psychotherapy or talk therapy is also another form of treatment for adult anxiety and depression. Cognitive behavioral-therapy and interpersonal theraphy are two forms of psychotherapy that have been proven to work for adult who has anxiety and depression. These kinds of therapy may, however, only be effective for mild to moderate cases of adult anxiety and depression. More severe cases might call for both anti-depressants and psychotherapy (Callanan, 1992, pp.24-42). If anti-depressants and psychotherapy do not work, electro unsteady therapy, also know as shock therapy is another treatment option. Shock therapy has gained a negative reputation in the past but it has been proven to support relief for patients that have severe depression (Callanan, 1992, p42).Herbal remedies such have been used by some people for some time but research indicated that it is not effective in the treatment of depression. Other research indicated that the plant has components that produce unfavorable reactions with other medications (Goroll, et.al., 2003, p.641).ConclusionAnxiety and Depression are common mental disorders and yet, many fail to get treatment for it because it often goes undiagnosed. Adult people and their family should be aware that anxiety and depression should be taken seriously and whenever the symptoms occur, professional help should endlessly be sought.The two can easily be cured so enduring it should never be an option since it does not affect only adults, but also the people around them.ReferencesCallanan, M. (1992). Anxiety. In Adult Psychological Problems. Champion, L.A., & Power, M.J. (Eds). New York Routledge.Goroll, A.H., Mulley, A.G., & Mulley, A. Jr. (Eds). (2006). Primary Care Medicine. Amsterdam Lippin cott Williams & Wilkins.Yip, P.S., & Lee, D.T. (2003). Depression Among Elderly and Postpartum Women. In Depressive Disorders. Maj, M. & Sartorious, N. (Eds). New Jersey John Wiley and Sons.

New Hire Mismanagement Essay

When accepting the position of a Campus Recruiter for ABC, Inc., there were specific tasks and expectations that go along with the chisel title. The specific tasks were explained however, imputable to the improper planning and poor execution, the individual failed to deliver what was outlined in the job title. This paper depart explain the failures referable to improper planning, lack of experience and poor magazine management skills. Furthermore, argonas that get out be outlined from this case study bequeath include various particular stools as well as different solutions to strengthen the recruiting subdivision and prevent any further weaknesses.BackgroundIn early April, Carl Robins, was new to the human resources department of ABC, Inc. The Corporate Human Resources Recruiter will play a critical role in ensuring we are hiring the best possible talent (Nourse, 2013). Mr. Robbins had taken on the necessary task of hiring 15 individuals, which would work for the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carrolls. This recruiting position is responsible for selecting proper prognosiss, collecting proper identification and various paperwork such as a resume, application, transcripts and paysheet processing information. A background check, drug screen and a new hire physical must also be performed prior to anyone starting.In entree to the proper processing of the new hires, Mr. Robbins also is responsible for scheduling the new hire orientation and providing the proper materials such as the manuals, policy booklets and training guides. In this case, Mr. Robbins had already advised the new hires of the unavoidable orientation on June 15th. The lack of experience and follow through, along with procrastination was a large itemor in completing the tasks set forth for the recruiting position. Mr. Robbins was feeling overwhelmed and began to panic, due to the realization that the needed workforce would not be ready for Monica Carroll, as he previously assured. The fa ilures will effect several people and cause the operations department to not have the new additions to their team and be ready to move forward.Key Problems in that location are numerous key problems with this case. Mr. Robinss lack of experience as well as, poor communication and planning from the beginning, caused the situation to spiral, fashioning the end proceeds in complete failure. An incompetent and poorly functioning human resources department reflects the overall state of affairs of an organization and its possible uncompetitive position in the market base (Dutta, 2013).Carl Robbins started the hiring process accurately. He successfully hired 15 individuals however, without creating a new hire protocol, several items were missed. Furthermore, Mr. Robins seemed to be completely focused on the fact that he was able to fill the needed positions and impressing the operations supervisor, he failed to follow through from the beginning. The inexperience may also be a factor how ever, he was hired as a recruiter and gained six months of experience therefore, Mr. Robins knew what was expected of him.Procrastination plays a large role in the end result, as well. Carl did not now check with the training facility, even after receiving the call from Monica Carrolls. He restrained more than 10 days to look at the training facility availability. Procrastination, weather it was due to lack of experience or being overwhelmed, does not matter in this case. The consequence remained the same, failure to complete the tasks by the needed time.In most cases, time management and procrastination go hand in hand however, Carl did not look at the specific tasks nor did he allot the appropriate time to suck the job done by the specified time. Failure to either create a hiring protocol or follow the footmarks that should have been learned during his foremost six months of employment, adds additional hacks of concern. Being that this was Mr. Robins first recruiting effort, he failed to discuss, clarify or even have the steps that he had already taken reviewed with a chap recruiting teammate to assure both himself and the recruiting department that the new hires will indeed be ready to start their positions in July. Many of the issues could have been avoided simply by doing research or asking for help.Developing a sufficient protocol or schedule is key however, it is imperative that the proper research on wait times for drug screens, background checks and pre-employment physicals is done so scheduling will go smoothly. It is critical to ensure that you have the proper tools and information to complete the required tasks.Just like any position or task assigned, organization is critical. Carl was moving forward without knowing exactly how the pieces of the puzzle were to be put together. The recruiter did not utilize the appropriate tools such as, database, spreadsheets or check lists to ensure proper completion of the hiring process. Moreover, the recr uiter did not set completion goals for for each one step to aid in this completion. therefore, Carl did not see that there were numerous critical issues in the hiring process, which will not only affect the new hires, but will also cause delays for Monica Carroll and the operations department.AlternativesThere are several alternatives that may strengthen the human recourses (HR) department in the future however, will not fix the current issue at hand. Implementing a new hire protocol that clearly defines each step of the process. Utilizing tools such as, specialized software that can be directly accessed from the outsourced covering companies to deliver new hire physical information, drug screening and background check results. This will allow the recruiter to access the file and make sure that the candidate is ready to begin work or notify when there is an issue with that specific candidate.Another alternative would be to hire an assistant recruiter or administrative assistant t o process paperwork as well as, scheduling training rooms and dictateing new hire training manuals, etc. Other options to consider would be to outsource the entire hiring process by using an outside recruiting company or using an agency to employ all the individuals that work for ABC Inc. A recruiting company would minimize and allow the human resources department to simplify duties such as, conducting final interviews of the candidates that have been previously screened by the recruiting company. Complete outsourcing of all personnel or employee leasing is costly however, it is another way to prevent cases like Carl Robbins, who failed to represent the companys professionalism, screen the new hires and organize a new hire schedule. Employee leasing will remove all responsibilities of the employer including, candidate screening, payroll and benefits which would replace both the HR and payroll departments. Unfortunately, in doing this ABC, Inc. would no longer be eligible for the ta x impute that are given when a company hires welfare to work or Veterans. Another downfall would be losing the ability to solve an employment issue in-house.Proposed SolutionsThere are several proposed solutions mentioned in this case study. The most economic and immediate realistic solution would be to implement an outlined human resources protocol which would include, step by step policies and procedures to successfully start a new hire, creating a spreadsheet or a checklist to prevent critical errors and ensure that each steps are followed as well as, having detailed contact information for each company that is outsourced such as drug testing and pre-employment physicals and background checks. An important part of the protocol would be to have a new hire orientation packet saved on file so, when the need arises or the inventory gets low, the recruiter can order copies to be made in a timely fashion. The remaining solution that would be outlined in the protocol would be to have t he recruiter notate each completed or received paperwork on the checklist to ensure all the necessary paperwork and outsourced results are received. This outlined human resources guide and organizational tool would guide the recruiter into making sure all procedures and requirements are met.RecommendationsImplementing the protocols would be crucial to the success of the human resources department. A recruiter is just like a salesperson, this is where the first impression is made. If implemented correctly, this will assure hiring the right individuals, which in return will allow ABC, Inc., reach its fullest potential. In this case study, Carol Robbins was not organized. There were no protocols in place to prevent these errors. Furthermore, there was not any direct supervision. It is recommended that the manager of human resources, review the hiring process directly with Mr. Robbins and make clear written expectations on the job requirements. It is further recommended that a clear, st ep by step protocol be put into place preventing these issues from arising again. Lastly, it is critical for the Manager of Human Resources to review all files in advance the file is completed and the new hire is scheduled for training. This shall continue until Mr. Robbins clearly understands the policies and procedures.

Evaluation of materials example Essay

This member is relevant to our project as it identifies the sundry(a) emotional problems after surviving the first five years of leukemia treatment. Shanon Guger and DAgostino Norma atomic number 18 authorized professors of the College of Psychologists of Ontario, which is a regulatory body for the profession of psychology in Ontario, Canada, which states that they expertise in psychology, and not only that, they specialises on children psychology, which gives credibility to their development on emotional problems of post-treatment leukemia patients.Another author, Oussama Abla is an associate professor in the Department of Paediatrics at the University of Toronto, which specializes on children, given his experience in treating children since 2005, it gives reliability to the article itself. Furthermore, he specialises on leukemia and has research interests in childhood leukemia, which lends credibility and accuracy to the contents. The articles publisher, AboutKidsHealth, is the worlds leading non-profit information source for childrens health, supported by the Canadian government , and is in collaboration with over 300 paediatric health specialists that also supports the publisher.Though published in 2010, the various emotional problems listed still relevant as according to the recently revised report in 2013 of emotional issues after treatment of leukemia by the official American Cancer Society2. The article mentioned that there are various problems after treatment of leukemia. They include re-experiencing the trauma for example, troublesome dreams, or flashbacks during leukemia treatment, frequent problems with sleep, lack of submersion or phobia of places that remind the child of the experience with leukemia (for example, hospitals), which inspired me considering of solutions to these problems.To allow them to mete out, they can undergo pet assisted therapy. Pet assisted therapy, could offer psychological and physical aid at the same time, where they can benefit mentally and physically, sleep better at night, maintain strength and circulation, lessen the side effectuate of treatments and appreciation the patients skin, muscles, heart and lungs in shape3. Children could tinker with the pets games such as fetch*. They also are allowed to walk the pets at parks.These allows the children to benefit psychologically in able to interact with the pet and benefit physically by playing with the pets. Some of these children may not have enough energy to keep such pets, as they have just recovered and undergone strenuous treatments, hence I envision that there will be a pet fundamental interaction corner in the void decks, where pet owners in the blocks are encouraged to bring pets down for a walk in the pet interaction corner, allowing leukemic children and pattern children to interact with one another as well.The article states the only way of treatment is to allow the children to do a hobby or parents to watch their reaction. Howev er, these children are not given proper care to cope with such effects and hence ended up in post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, to solve this problem, I propose video game therapy4. These activities allow movement and distract them from their pain, and also from reality. Research shown a facility in Childrens national centre, the video game therapy has allowed the children to cope with physical and emotional pain.Activities include simple sports games with Wii Sports, and dancing games with Xbox Kinect. This contributes to physiotherapy and psychotherapy as well, where children can get to exercise as well as play games to draw them away from reality, which helps them in their post-traumatic stress disorder. Hospitals could have a room specially for these children, where children can play and have fun before and after check-ups. much(prenominal) equipment are not too high-cost and is manageable and feasible. 600 words

Mfecane Debates

Julian Cobbing against The mfecane Has the mfecane a future? In recent eras historians known as Africanists revived the topic of the mfecane in the azoic 1960s and it was well exploited and was as well as used to justify true aspects of Apatheid. The word mfecane is a characterised product of the South African liberal history that is used by the Apartheid regimen state to legitimate South Africas racially and unequal land division. In the seventies the mfecane has become the just about widely used terms in reciprocal ohm African history and historical literature . inding the received meaning of mfecane could somehow be merely impossible reason being from on angle the mfecane was the Nguni diaspora which from the early 1820s which took Nguni raiding communities such as Ndebele, the Ngoni and Gaza and over more southern regional parts of south-central Africa which stool as far as Lake Tanzania. Astonishingly some of the selective use or the actual sentimention of evidence h as produced the myth of an internally-induced process known as the black-on-black destruction centring on Shaka Zulu.A re-evaluating from the battles of Dithakong and Mbolompo suggests very different ideas and enables us to decipher the motives of subsequent historiographical amnesias and knowledge. After about 1810 the black peoples of southern Africa were caught amongst intensifying and converging imperia leaningic thrusts one to supply the Cape Colony with labour anformer(a), at Delagoa Bay, to supply slaves particularly to the Brazilian bread plantations. The flight of the Ngwane from the Mzinyathi inland to the Caledon was, it is argued, a response to slaving.But they ran directly into the colonial raiding-grounds north of the Orange. The (missionary-led) raid on the be quiet unidentified Mantatees (not a reference to MaNtatisi) at Dithakong in 1823 was one of innumerable Griqua raids for slaves to counter a dearth of labour among the Cape settlers afterward the British e xpansionist wars of 1811 to 1820. Similar Griqua raids forced the Ngwane south from the Caledon into the Transkei. Here, at Mbolompo in 1828, the Ngwane were attacked yet again, this time by a British army seeking free labour after the reorganisation of the Capes labour-procurement system in July 1828.The British claim that they were parrying a Zulu invasion is exposed as propaganda, and the connexions surrounded by the campaign and the flannel-instigated murder of Shaka are shown. In short, the African societies did not generate the regional violence on their own. Rather, were caught in spite of appearance the European net and were soon transformed over lengthen periods in reaction to the attentions of outside(a) plunderers. The core misrepresentations and false understandings of the mfecane are thereby revealed the term, and the fancy, should be abandoned.A closely related, though different, mfecane centres on the perspectives on the Zululanders and the pass judgment mindse t of Shaka. many of those in Zulu cultures and trditionalised South Africans has come to a conclusion become a subversive process internal to Nguni society which leads to the development of the i besidesho and the tributary mode of production. Shaka is seen as a heroic attribute providing a positive historical example in South African history and created a mavin of self-respect for black citizens in South Africa today.But inside these wider translations another mfecane there are more specifically referring to the impact of Nguni raiders (the Nedbele, Hlubi and Ngwane) on the Sotho west of the Drakensberg. The mfecane encompassed many great fields of African self-destruction which broad from the Limpopo all the way to Orange. It has allegedly depopulated vast areas of what had become the Orange Free State, the Transvaal and, with the aid of the Zulu, Natal, which frankincense lay empty for white expansion. At the time many Africans dispersed and survivors clustered together and within a period of time formed enclave states of Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana.A term known as the general distribution of white and Bantu landownership in South Africa was soon established. On these African-created foundations rose the Bantustans or Homelands of twentieth-century Southern Africa. Contradictions coexist within mfecane theories with contrasts sand the definitions of timing. As an era of history the latter 1trans-orangian mfecane begins in about 1820 and ends in either 1828 with the acquittance of the Ngwane, or it had ended in the early mid-1830s with the arrival of the French missionaries and later followed by the Boers.The Zulu-centred mfecane on the other hand begins with the career of Dingiswayo at the end of the eighteenth century and continues until the end of the Zulu kingdom which ended in 1879. Sub continental mfecane does continue until the 1890s. In short, I would say there is no one definition of the mfecane. It can be referred to people, to an era or to a process of internal development. It could be destructive, constructive anti-African pro-African geographically narrow, or sub continental. Not all of these ontradictions can be resolved as a whole, but there is a need for answers and its existence requires an explanation, since their origins of the mfecane are by now very much hide in the heart of South African historiography. Firstly, my mission of this essay is attend to the origins of the mfecane, how it started and give brief overviews and backgrounds between those who played a very important role in the era of Shaka Zulu and the period of the mfecane. My intentions are also to unravel the development within the mfecane as it has been handed down in South African historiography.Many writers bewilder had a hand in creating the mfecane. The poor taste of the dish derives from the poor quality of the initial ingredients. In the second part, I suggest some lines of attack on the pillars of mfecane mythology, and leave it to t he reader to decide whether the concept is worth salvaging. Julian Cobbing known best as a being against the mfecane and the critical analysis of south African history, he also had hes own point of the subjects of who the important characters like Shaka Zulu had and the effects, whether he did or did not control the southern part of Africa or whether he played a kidskin role in the mfecane era.The the evolution between the ibutho amongst the Ngune, the wars between Zulu and the Ndwandwe traditions, and the rise of the Zulu kingdom are half a century after Bryant, had made integral to the mfecane. Shaka becomes a hero and Mzilikazi a creative state-builder. The movement as awhole has also expanded to bring in Swaziland and the career of Mswati,Gazaland and the careers of the Soshangane and Mzila, as well as the Ngonistates of Mbelwa and Mpezeni. The validity of twain these conceptual and the geographical expansions with their linkage to the original concepts of the mfecane has so f ar still remained unremarked.As to the linkage of the mfecane to an understanding of the coetaneous Situation of the Omer-Coopers analysis is (unsurprisingly)subjective. It is also highly contradictory. In the one direction, the traditions towards the Mfecane have retained their fascination because they leave behind a bulwark of self-respect, a shield against the cripplingof inferiority, encouraged by the structure of white dominated society. Whereas in the other, the battles and massacres of the Mfecane being accounted for the general distribution of white andBantu landownership in South Africa today. This is the latter that a few Africans would claim and accept. Omer-Coopers twain claims for the mfecane have in turn underpinnedwo incompatible to the mfecane traditions in the 1970s. The more liberal part of the various traditions is turn up mainly within in Europe, the United States and inThe South African English-speaking universities. There are list historians of Africa who have adopted ideas of Omer-Cooperof the mfecane as a positive revolutionary idea.Before 1966,and the publication of Zulu Aftermath general text books on African History had not yet Pick up the mfecane. By 1970 it was being compound virtually all of them. Julys over simplifications are typical. The driving force, he wrote, was land hunger caused by community pressure among migrating cattle keepers and the vehicle was the military outburst known as the Zulu Mfecane. In 1969 Leonard Thompson discussed a concept known as the difaqane in the influential Oxford History of South Africa. W. F. Lye has built an academic career on the mfecane.He wavers between Ellenbergers older version in which Matiwane and Mzilikazi are denigrated and the newer one in which they are talented state-builders. R. Kent Rasmussen in an analysis of the early Ndebele state describes the state as an unambiguously positive manner. In the 1960s and 1970s the mfecane was updated. Inside South Africa it was adapted to explain the origins, if not the Creation of the black homelands and societies, at a time when South Africans badlyNeeded all the help they could get in justifying this processes both to an international audience and to their own up and upcoming generations.At the same time, bizarrely, historians mainly outside South Africa,not having noticed the use in which the mfecane was being post south of the Limpopo and hitched the mfecane to an alternative history that is stressed the glories of the Africas past and attempted to provide for Africans self-respect, defences against European suggestions that the African past was sterile, barbaric and static. Racist interpretations have been shielded from view by the Africanist one. The result must for certain bewilder any student who attempts to definite mfecane with any concise coherence. Niyaaz Nell History Assignment Mfecane Debate discipline Ayanda DL4

Benefits of studying abroad

analyse abroad is one of the best experiences a student can have in the course of learning. Students who go through and through much(prenominal) an experience have been at advantaged define as they have been able to take a different culture from their own. canvass abroad involves going beyond the border mostly to a foreign country. Students moves to a stark naked environment which might be totally different from what he or she is used to. At times the students may be introduced a new system.The reasons as to why mess go to study abroad are as varied as the number of students who go through such an exciting experience. (Cressy, W 2004) Studying abroad usually prepares the students to work and live in a multicultural setting where they interact and learn about the other cultures. It encourages students to have academic discipline as they learn to reason in a totally or slightly different system. Through such an experience students are taught to be independent where they get to d o things on their own sometimes in environment which encourage tolerance and accommodation.Through such an exposure the students learn to respect other peoples ways of life despite the differences. This enhances their prospects for the future jobs especially those which are international in nature. (Cressy, W 2004) Studying in a foreign country affords the students many rare chances, these includes learning a new speech communication and an opportunity to experience different cultures, history and environment. It accords the students an opportunity to witness some of the things learnt in text books firsthand.In the ultramodern world employers are seeking skills which have been polished through overseas engagement. A student who has canvass in a foreign country will be in a better position to secure employment as he or she will be bringing a new experience to an organization. Studying abroad is a very special opportunity which helps the students to develop certain skills, adaptabi lity and confidence. It is an disaster that moulds the students into individual who can fit in different cultures around the world. Reference Cressy, W (2004) A template to Studying Abroad, Princeton Review

Amendment Right

M some(prenominal) Ameri raise citizens take their civil liberties for granted. Many do not realize how rich their obligations and privileges under the United States Constitution re entirelyy argon, until they begin to be taken away. The poop Amendment, essenti exclusivelyy the right to privateness, is slowly being stripped from the American citizen. The single-valued function of TEMPEST, or sophisticated eavesdropping technology to intercept information, including shout out monitoring and pic surveillance, is unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution.The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that mess digest the right to screen in their person, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and that people should not be violated, and no warrants issued, unless there is equi equiprobable cause. (U. S. Constitution Fourth Amendment, 2009) The Fourth Amendment clearly outlines that the American citizen has a right to privacy from the government. This includes privacy not only(prenominal) in their platefuls, but out in humankind.For instance, any 1 can observe some other in commonplace, such as walking down the street. However, when impartiality enforcement officials begin to observe regular citizens in their everyday routine, such as going to work, going to the food market investment company, picking up their children from school, and the like, that citizens right to privacy has been violated. To understand how sophisticated eavesdropping technology to intercept information is a rape of the Fourth Amendment, one mustiness realize how it works.TEMPEST is a code name for studies and investigations of compromising emanations. Compromising emanations argon unintentional signals that can come out information to a remote source. For instance, computers, thinks, and video surveillance cameras release interference into their surrounding environment. This interference creates signals that continue some relationship to what was originally caught. Essentially, TEMPEST equipment can remotely mirror what is being done on another device. This is, in its purest form, eavesdropping.(Pike, 2000) In the case of Kyllo versus the United States, which was argued on February 20, 2001 and decided on June 11, 2001, is an example of the violation of the Fourth Amendment. Law enforcement was suspicious that marijuana was being grown in petitioner Kyllos home in a triplex, and therefore, used thermic visualise devices to detect unusual heat sources, perhaps from heat lamps inevitable for growing marijuana. Scanning the out spatial relation of the house, the agents detected hot spots coming from Kyllos garage.The agents obtained a search warrant, and did therefore buzz off marijuana plants. The evidence was then seized from Kyllos home. The Ninth Circuit Court decided that the thermal imaging was not in violation of the Fourth Amendment because Kyllo had shown no attempt to conceal the heat coming from his home, and rase if he had, faithfulness enforcement agents were still in the clear because the thermal imaging did not expose any intimate expatiate of Kyllos life. However, law enforcement used devices that were not in general, creation use.They used these devices to explore details of a private home that would previously have been unk this instantable without physical infringement. On these grounds, Kyllo decided to appeal, prop fast to the claim that the surveillance was a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Ultimately, the Court decided that the use of the thermal imaging device to obtain information was a violation of Kyllos right to privacy under the Fourth Amendment. The Court rejected law enforcements argument that the thermal imaging must be upheld because it detected only heat from the exterior of the house.Law enforcements argument was rejected because it left the homeowner to the mercy of technology. Law enforcements a rgument that the thermal imaging must be upheld because it did not detect intimate details was also rejected because all details concerning a home be intimate details. (Kyllo v. United States, 2001) Technology has advanced to the point that the public should be aware of possible videotaping and other types of eavesdropping. For example, underground cameras scanned the faces of all of the Super Bowl attendees as they entered the domain in January of 2001.The pictures were then compared with local anesthetic, state, and FBI files of known criminals and terrorists. The attendees had no idea they were being watched. The federal government, in addition to local law enforcement, is beginning to strip away Americans right to privacy. On folk 11, 2001, the attacks on the World commerce Centers exposed the vulnerability of America to terrorism. In response, Congress quickly passed the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act is suppositious to depart principal(prenominal) national security measu res, such as the removal of a statute on limitations for terrorism offenses.However, it also increased the governments ability to conduct unwarranted surveillance on innocent individuals without devising sure that abuses of power were limited. These examples illustrate the tension between preserving national security and preventing unwarranted government attack on civil liberties. This infringement is a violation of the Fourth Amendment. (Chandler, 2006) In the months following the attacks on September 11, 2001, everyone was quick to point out a possible terrorist.People paid attention to what others said, and how they said it, and individuals paid more(prenominal) attention to what they were saying to others. For instance, it was within the realm of possibility that a man in a grocery store, having a casual conversation with person else, mentions his disagreement with the United States government. Surprised by the FBI at his home a few hours later, he is informed that the indiv idual he had the conversation with at the grocery store believed that his disagreement with the United States government was grounds for informing federal law enforcement of possible terrorist actions.Not only did scenarios such as this happen, but the government monitored echo conversations. The law was that telephone conversations can be monitored by law enforcement or by the telephone company. The telephone company can monitor conversations for a number of reasons, including to provide service, inspect the telephone system, monitor the quality of the service, or to protect against service theft or harassment. However, law enforcement can only listen in on telephone conversations with probable cause. (Wiretapping/Eavesdropping, 1993) In other words, if one is known to be a hit man, law enforcement can eavesdrop on that individuals telephone conversations not only to find out if he will go through with committing murder, but also to find out who else is involved. Law enforcement m ust obtain a chat up order to eavesdrop on others telephone conversations. However, after September 11th, it was rumored that the federal government monitored all telephone conversations for key words such as bomb, terrorist, etc.The Bush administration repeatedly insisted that the only telephone conversations they eavesdropped on without court orders were those who were suspected of being cerebrate to al Qaida or other terrorist groups. It is true, however, that after September 11th, the Bush administration made efforts to collect huge amounts of information about Americans travel, tax and medical records, e-mails, and credit card purchases. (Landay, 2008) This was all done under the feigning of the Patriot Act, which essentially made the Fourth Amendment null and void.In addition to listening in on telephone conversations, the United States watches the American public through surveillance cameras. Thousands of cameras, both public and private, dot parks and urban center stree ts. Once an individual is out in public, the Courts deem those individuals as no longer having any privacy, at least while they are in public. Most people are not aware that they are being watched. If they do know, they do not control what their images are being used for. Most cameras are mounted in trees, on streetlight and dealings poles, on public buildings, on subway platforms, and installed in buses and subway cars.These cameras are everywhere, and there are more that cannot be seen. Police officials refuse to tell the public about where the other cameras are because they claim that information would undermine law enforcements effectiveness. One of the major puzzles with hidden cameras in public areas is that cameras penetrate deeper than anyone staring at an individual. If another person is staring at someone, all that person has to do is stare back to discourage the intrusion. However, one cannot stare back at a camera if they do not know where it is. Even if they did know w here it was, the eye of the camera would not item staring.People behave differently when they think they are alone, and even if one does know about the cameras, the cameras then do not fix the problem. Hidden cameras serve as super cops. These cameras can zoom in to individual out a particular individual or to read a letter someone is holding, and can see in the dark repayable to infrared technology. In the past, police could not do this without probable cause and obtaining a search warrant. In addition to these benefits to law enforcement, cameras can be put in places where a human being could not possibly be, such as perched high atop the side of a building.These cameras were originally touted as tools to aid in the catching of terrorists and violent criminals, and to prevent serious crimes. The cameras have not done this. The only criminals these cameras have caught are minor offenders such as petty thieves and concert-ticket scalpers. For example, in Washington D. C. , New Y ork City, and San Diego, cameras that were originally meant to catch serious offenders now only catch red-light runners, speeders, and others who park illegally. The problem is this The faces of random people on the street are being compared with those of criminals.All of this is being done with no probable cause. Law enforcement targets ethnic and racial minorities, and that coupled with false-positive matches means that innocent people will be arrested for no apparent reason. Even though the Supreme Court has never tried a case where someone claimed the Fourth Amendment was violated because of public surveillance, the Court would most likely find that electronic monitoring of public areas is not a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Technology is beginning to take over American society.Each intrusion into Americans privacy is being introduced as a tool to weed out the harmful individuals. Drug test and EZ Passes are good examples. At first, drug testing was only used for high secu rity jobs, and now students in extracurricular activities at school are subject to them. EZ Passes were introduced in order to lessen traffic congestion, and now they are being used to issue tickets to speeders. Every tool introduced as being important and helpful in the fight against crime is now being used to trap innocent citizens, citizens who at first thought these tools were a good idea.Sociologist Gary Marx explains, Once the new surveillance systems become institutionalized and taken for granted in a democratic society, they can be used against those with the wrong political beliefs against racial, ethnic, or ghostly minorities and against those with lifestyles that offend the majority. No one will use public areas if they believe or know they are being watched. The author believes that spaces that are accessible, not defensive, will be used more. The more people use these areas, the safer they will be.There are more good people than bad in the world, therefore, the chance s of someone getting attacked in a group of people are extremely slim. Video surveillance creates insecurity, not a smell out of safety. Congress has not yet addressed video surveillance. Hawaii and California have laws to limit video surveillance, and a handful of states have heightened protection of the right to privacy written into their state constitutions. However, even though video surveillance is more intrusive than telephone monitoring, there is currently no federal lawmaking to govern video surveillance. (Smithsimon, 2003)In conclusion, the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution is being violated in todays society due to telephone monitoring and video surveillance. predict monitoring and video surveillance have secretly crept upon the reasonable American. Most do not give a second thought, or even know, about these types of violations of privacy. perhaps the average American is aware of the possibility, but tries not to think about such a strike and chilli ng thought. If the average American citizen knew that someone was ceremonial them as they went about their daily business, feelings of paranoia and possibly business organization would begin to take root.America would not feel free any longer. This can be likened to driving at the speed limit when a police officer is driving within close proximity. One is on his/her best behavior, however, when the police officer can no longer be seen, that same person that was on their best behavior just moments before, resumes their fast, reckless ways. However, there is no escape from the cameras that could possibly be watching each and every American. It is amazing how much Americans take for granted, including the civil liberties, the rights and privileges, that the American holds so dear. (1993). Wiretapping/Eavesdropping on Telephone Conversations Is There Cause for Concern? Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Privacy Rights. http//www. privacyrights. org/fs/fs9-wrtp. htm (2001). Kyllo v. United States. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Find Law. http//caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? navby=CASE&court=US&vol=533&page=27 (2009). U. S. Constitution Fourth Amendment. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Find Law. http//caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/data/constitution/amendment04/ Chandler, S. A. (Fall 2006). substantiative Damage?The Impact of National Security Crises on the Fourth Amendment Protection against Unreasonable Searches. University of Pittsburgh Law Review. 68(1), 217-41. Landay, Jonathan S. (2008). Did U. S. organisation Snoop on Americans Phone Calls? Retrieved May 18, 2009, from McClatchy Newspapers. http//www. mcclatchydc. com/257/story/53703. html Pike, John. (2000). TEMPEST. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Intelligence Resource Program. http//www. fas. org/irp/ program/security/tempest. htm Smithsimon, M. (Winter 2003). Private Lives, Public Spaces The Surveillance State. Dissent. 50(1), 43-9.